Hernias in dogs are more common than you might think and can occur in several forms, each varying in severity. While hernias are often associated with people, they can present similar risks and challenges in our canine companions. This blog will discuss the types of hernias in dogs, their causes, symptoms, and how veterinarians can approach treatment.

What is a Hernia?

A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weakness in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue wall. In dogs, these hernias can form in various locations, depending on the muscle group affected. Most hernias in dogs are congenital, meaning they are present from birth, although others can develop due to trauma or injury.

Types of Hernias in Dogs

1. Umbilical Hernias
   Umbilical hernias are one of the most common hernia types in dogs, especially in puppies. These occur when the opening through which the umbilical cord passed fails to close properly after birth. These hernias typically appear as soft lumps near the dog’s belly button. Fortunately, they are often small and can resolve naturally as the puppy matures. However, larger hernias may require surgical intervention.

2. Inguinal Hernias
   Located in the groin area, inguinal hernias are where abdominal contents push through the inguinal canal. This type can be particularly concerning because it has the potential to trap organs, such as the bladder or intestines, which may lead to life-threatening complications. Inguinal hernias are more common in female dogs, especially those who are pregnant or have had multiple litters.

3. Diaphragmatic Hernias
   A diaphragmatic hernia is when the contents of the abdomen push through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. This type of hernia can result from trauma, such as being hit by a car, and can cause breathing difficulties. This is a serious condition that often requires urgent surgery.

4. Perineal Hernias
   Perineal hernias occur when the muscles of the pelvis become weak or rupture, allowing abdominal contents to push into the pelvic area. This type is often seen in older, unneutered male dogs. These hernias can cause discomfort and issues with defecation, and surgery is typically required.

5. Hiatal Hernias
   A hiatal hernia involves the stomach pushing through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. This type is often congenital but can also be caused by trauma. Symptoms may include regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, or respiratory issues. Treatment may range from medical management to surgery, depending on the severity.

Causes of Hernias

Hernias in dogs are primarily congenital, meaning they occur due to a developmental issue that causes a weakness in the muscle wall. However, certain factors can lead to acquired hernias, such as trauma (e.g., being hit by a car), strenuous activity, or post-surgical complications. Inguinal and diaphragmatic hernias, in particular, can occur after trauma or injury.

Symptoms of Hernias in Dogs

The symptoms of hernias in dogs vary depending on the location and severity of the hernia. Some common signs include:

• Visible swelling or lump

• Pain or discomfort, particularly when touching the hernia

• Vomiting or loss of appetite

• Difficulty breathing (in cases of diaphragmatic hernias)

• Trouble defecating (with perineal hernias)

In some cases, hernias may be asymptomatic, especially when small. However, larger hernias or those that involve the trapping of organs can result in more severe clinical signs.

Diagnosing and Treating Hernias

Veterinarians can often diagnose hernias based on physical examination, particularly if the hernia is visible. Imaging techniques, such as X-rays or ultrasound, may be used to assess internal damage and determine if any organs are trapped within the hernia.

Treatment for hernias typically involves surgery, especially if the hernia is large or poses a risk of organ entrapment. During the surgical procedure, the veterinarian will push the protruding organ or tissue back into place and repair the weakened muscle wall. In less severe cases, especially with umbilical hernias, surgery may not be necessary.

Prognosis

The prognosis for dogs with hernias depends on the type, location, and severity of the hernia. Many dogs, especially those with small umbilical hernias, recover fully after surgery with no long-term effects. However, if a hernia is left untreated and leads to complications like organ entrapment, the prognosis can be more guarded. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to ensuring a positive outcome.

Prevention

For congenital hernias, prevention is not possible as they result from a developmental abnormality. However, for acquired hernias, such as those from trauma, it is important to minimise the risk by keeping dogs safe from accidents and providing careful post-operative care if they have undergone surgery.

Conclusion

Hernias in dogs are a relatively common condition, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, most dogs can lead healthy, normal lives. Veterinarians play a key role in identifying hernias early and deciding on the best treatment plan. Whether congenital or acquired, hernias can often be effectively managed, helping dogs to recover and thrive.